Swine flu prevention: tissues, catching germs, vaccination and masks

According to the NHS website , you can protect yourself and your family from swine flu by

• ensuring everyone washes their hands regularly with soap and water

  

• cleaning surfaces regularly
  

You can prevent a virus spreading to others by:

• always carrying tissues
• using tissues to cover your mouth and nose when you cough and sneeze
• binning the tissues as soon as possible
• washing your hands regularly

CATCH IT. BIN IT. KILL IT. is a simple way to remember this.

You can also prepare now and in the build-up to a pandemic by:

• Confirming a network of ‘flu friends’ – friends and relatives – who could help you if you fall ill. They could collect medicines and other supplies for you so you do not have to leave home and possibly spread the virus.
• Knowing your NHS number and those of other family members and keeping them in a safe place. You will be able to find your NHS Number on your medical card or other items such as prescribed medication, GP letter or hospital appointment card/letter.
• Having a stock of food and other supplies available at home that will last for two weeks, in case you and your family are ill.

Masks

The Health Protection Agency (HPA) recommends that healthcare workers should wear a facemask if they come into close contact with a person with symptoms (within one metre) to reduce their risk of catching the virus from patients.

However, the HPA does not recommend that healthy people wear facemasks to go about their everyday business.

Why shouldn't the general public wear facemasks?

Because there’s no conclusive evidence that facemasks will protect healthy people in their day-to-day lives.

The virus is spread by picking up the virus from touching infected surfaces, or by someone coughing or sneezing at very close range – so unless you are standing close to someone with the virus, wearing a facemask will not make a difference.

There are concer

ns about the risks posed by not using facemasks correctly.

Facemasks must be changed regularly as they are less effective when dampened by a person’s breath. People may infect themselves if they touch the outer surface of their mask, or may infect others by not disposing of old masks safely.

Finally, wearing a facemask may encourage complacency. People need to focus on good hand hygiene, staying at home if they are feeling unwell, and covering their mouth when they cough or sneeze.

Vaccine

A vaccine to prote

ct against swine flu is being developed, but it is not available yet.

The first batches of vaccine are expected to arrive in the autumn, and 30 million double doses – enough for half the population – are expected to be available by the end of the year.

The government has ordered enough vaccine for the whole population and, when it becomes available, will focus on those at the greatest risk first

look at more information this link..

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/swine-flu-information/5258672/Swine

Arranged by moha Hussien

Ciid Wanagsan Dhamaan Umada Somaliyeed.

Ciid Wanaagsan Dhamaan Shacabka Soomaaliyeed meel Walbo ay Joogaan iyo Waliba Dhamaan Muslimiinta oo Dhan.
Waxan Ilaah Kabaryeynaa in Uu naga Aqbalo Sonkii aan soo sonay Iyo cibadii Intii Lagu guda jirey Busha barakeysan Ee ramadan, waxan Sidoo kale ilaah uga baryeynaa in Umada Somaliyeed Uu ka dulqado Dhinka Heysto Uguna badalo Nabad iyo Barwaaqo, Insha Allah

Hallaan ka dhagayso Heesta Cidda

LAYLATUL QADRIGA SIDEEN OOGA FAA'IDAYSAN KARNAA?

asc wr wb walaalayaal hadii ay idin soo gaadho war qadan isku daya in aad dhaqan galisaan waxa ay xanbaarsantahay ee ah isku baraarujinta habeenka fadliga badan ee ay inaga xigto tobankaa habeen ee uu ku dhexjiro sadex habeen inshaa alaahu waan liibaanaynaaye 7_09_2009 muxaadarooyinki hore waxay ku jiraan bogan ee walaal halkan riixhttp://sites.google.com/site/xudayfi5/

Laylatul qadri iyo fadliga ay ledahay

ale waxaa uu leyahay fiisuurati al qadri
waaxan soodajinay quraanka habeenka laylatul qadiriga dhexdiisa;; habeenkaasina waa habeen ka fadli badan kun bilood ;; habeenkaas waxaa soo dagaysa malaa_igta iyo malaku jibriil waxayna kusoo dagayaan idin alle iyo arinkasta oo la xukmiyay( waxwalba oo uu alle qadaray ) habeenkasi waa nabad galyo ilaa uu ka baryayo waagu ( kasoo baxayso qoraxdu)
hadaba maxuu samayn jiray rasuulku scw tobanka danbe ee ramadaanka?
1-waxaa u ahaa rasuulku scw marka uu soo galo tobanka danbe e ramadaan mid guntiga adkaysta habeenkana noleya(sojeda)dadkiisa(xaasaskiisana) toosiya(kiciya) si ay u cibaadeeystaan (متفق عتيه)
2-waxaa uu yiri rasuulku scw qofkii kaca (salaad ukaca)habeenka laylatu qadriga asago rumaysan in uu helaayo ajir ajirna xisaabsanaya waxaa loodhafa danbigiisii hor (waa wixii danbi yar ah ee uu galo oo dhan amaa kan wayn wuxu u baahan yahay toobokoon sida ku cad axaadiis kale oo laga waryay rasuulks scw)
3-waxaa uu dhahay rasuulku scw ka raadiya laylatu qadriga tirada is dheer ee tobanka danbe ee ramadanka (21,23,25,27,29)(waxa wariyay bukhari)
4-caa,isha ayaa waxay ku tiri rasuulka scw hadii aan la kulmo laylatu qadriga maxaan ku ducaystaa waxaa uu ku dhahay rasuulku scw dheh (allaahuma inaka cafuwun tuxibul cafwa facfu canii) saxiix ( rawahu tirmidi)

Hadaba suuradas iyo axaadiistaas maxanu ka fa
idaysanayna oo la nooga baahan yahay in aan samayno

1- habeenkaas hadii alle ku waa fajiyo waxaad helaysaa ajir aada hesheen 83sano sababto ah kunka bilood ee uu alle ku sheegay suurada marki la xisaabiyo waxay u dhigmaan 83sano
2- hadii ay ku dhaafto waxaad tahay qof khasaaray halisna waxaad u tahay in aad kamid noqotid kuwii uu habaaray malaku jibril ee uu dhahay alle naarta haku fogeeyo qof uu udhashay ramadaan hadana uu ka dhamaaday asagoo loo danbi dhaafin rasuulkuna scw waxaa uu gadaashiisa dhahay amiin
3-tobanka danbe waa tobanka uu alle ka xoreeyo naarta adoomadiisa fiifiican marka hadaad ku dadaashid tobankaas waxaad ka mid noqon kuwa naarta laga xoreeyay
4- waa habeen barakaysan oo alle uu soo dajiyay quraanka waana habeenka arinkasta oo alle uu xukumay la kala saaraayo sida qofkii la qadaray in u dhinto sanadkaas dhexdiisa la xukumo waqtiga u dhimanaayo kii dhalan lahaana la qoro
5 waxaa u ahaan jiray rasuulku scw mid ku dadaala in uu tobankaas habeen ku soo jeedo cibaado iyo salaad iyo duco isago aan ognahay in ladhaafaay danbigiisii hore iyo kiisii danbe waxaana uu ku dhahay caa,isho miyaana noqonaynin adoon ku mahadiya rabigiis marka inaga oo ka samaysan danbi maxaa uu noqon xaalkeenu sow in aan dadaalno ma ahan
6- hadii alle ku waa fajiyo habeenkaas waxaad noqon qof la dhaafay danbigiisii hore o dhan (danbiga yar ayaa laga wada )amaa kanwayn waxaa uu ubaahan yahay towbo

side ayaan ku haleeli karaa habeenkaas
1- waa in aad isku daydid in aad tobankaas habeen oo dhan habeena ku dhaafin o aad ka tagtid hordo o dhan hadii kale ma halelaysid ajirkaas wayn ina seexo ina tuko
2- hana isku dayin in aad alle khiyaantid oo habeenada is dhafka ah kaliya aad tugatid sababto ah kheyru khalqilahigiiba(rasuulka scw) waligiis ma uusan isku dayin xeeladaas mana ogid habeenka ay noqon marka kuli wada tuko
3- hana ku kadsoomin (haku sirmin hadalka) culumada qarkooda iftoonayaan in uu yahay habeenkaasi habeenka 27 ama 25 kaliya waana dhaqan laga yaqaano shaam o dhan
wax axadiis ah oo ku yimid(ku soo arooray) ma jiro axaadista saxiixa ahi waxaysheegi in tiro is dheer uu kujiro habeenkaasi iyo tobanka danbe

hadii an haleelo(helo) habeenkaas side ayaan u cibaadaysan karaa
1 aamin(rumeyso) in uu yahay hadalka rasuulku mid sax ah oo fadligaas ay leedahay cibaadadaduna hanoqoto mid alle dartiis loola jeedo
2. isku day in aad tukatid salaatu leyl kolna aad aqrisid quraan badan
3- iyo in aad ku ducaysatid ducadii uu rasuulku u sheegay caa,isho ee aan kor kusoo qoray
4- in aad aqrinta quraanka badisid
5- kana dherow kaftanka iyo wixii danbi keenaya oo dhan
6- hana u malayn in uu yahay qasadku(ula jeedadu) salaad basa oo hadaadan tukanin aadan helaynin ajirka ee marna tuko markad daashid u fariiso quraan marna ducayso ilaa uu waagu ka baryayo

sidee habeenkaas lagu garankaraa

waxaa lagu gartaa habeenkaas waa habeen dagan lamana maqlaayo cida (qaylada) dameerka iyo ayga oo dameeraha iyo ayda oo dhami way aa musayaan cirkuna waxaa uu noqon safi (daruur la,aan) subaxdiina jawigu waxaa uu u ekaan sidi roob in uu da,ay
hadba walaal waxaan kaa codsanayaa in aadan halmaanin in aad u ducayso dalkena somaliya e ku jira gumaysiga in alle ka saaro iyo in muslimiinta alle ka dhigo kor quluubtodana isku soo duwo cizigii muslimiinta alle soo celiyo waa walaal kaa o muslim ah walaal wixii talo iyo fikir ah halkan iigu soo hagaaji xudayfi5@hotmail.com asc wr wb
XAQUUQDA QORAALKAN WAXAA ISKALE XUDEYFI.

W/Q:Xudeyf

Posted By: mohamed Hussien

World's oldest person dies in Los Angeles at 115

LOS ANGELES – Although she liked her bacon crispy and her chicken fried, she never drank, smoked or fooled around, Gertrude Baines once said, describing a life that lasted an astonishing 115 years and earned her the title of oldest person on the planet.

It was a title Baines quietly relinquished Friday when she died in her sleep at Western Convalescent Hospital, her home since she gave up living alone at age 107 after breaking a hip.

She likely suffered a heart attack, said her longtime physician, Dr. Charles Witt, although an autopsy was scheduled to determine the exact cause of death.

"I saw her two days ago, and she was just doing fine," Witt told The Associated Press on Friday. "She was in excellent shape. She was mentally alert. She smiled frequently."

Baines was born in Shellman, Ga., on April 6, 1894, when Grover Cleveland was in the White House, radio communication was just being developed and television was still more than a half-century from becoming a ubiquitous household presence.

She was 4 years old when the Spanish-American War broke out and 9 when the first World Series was played. She had already reached middle age by the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941.

Throughout it all, Baines said last year, it was a life she thoroughly enjoyed.

"I'm glad I'm here. I don't care if I live a hundred more," she said with a hearty laugh after casting her vote for Barack Obama for president. "I enjoy nothing but eating and sleeping."

Her vote for Obama, she added, had helped fulfill a lifelong dream of seeing a black man elected president.

"We all the same, only our skin is dark and theirs is white," said Baines, who was black.

The centenarian, who worked as a maid at Ohio State University dormitories until her retirement, had outlived all of her family members. Her only daughter died of typhoid at age 18.

In her final years, she passed her days watching her favorite TV program, "The Jerry Springer Show," and consuming her favorite foods: bacon, fried chicken and ice cream. She complained often, however, that the bacon served to her was too soft.

"Two days ago, when I saw her, she was talking about the fact that the bacon wasn't crisp enough, that it was soggy," Witt said.

She became the world's oldest person in January when Maria de Jesus died in Portugal at 115.

The title brought with it a spotlight of attention, and Baines was asked frequently about the secret to a long life. She shrugged off such questions, telling people to ask God instead.

"She told me that she owes her longevity to the Lord, that she never did drink, she never did smoke and she never did fool around," Witt said at a party marking her 115th birthday.

At the party, Baines sat quietly, paying little attention as nursing home staffers and residents sang "Happy Birthday" and presented congratulatory notices from Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sen. Dianne Feinstein and others. But she laughed when told the Los Angeles Dodgers had given her a cooler filled with hot dogs.

With Baines' death, 114-year-old Kama Chinen of Japan becomes the world's oldest person, said Dr. L. Stephen Coles of the Gerontology Research Group, which tracks claims of extreme old age. Chinen was born May 10, 1895.

The oldest person who ever lived, Coles said, was Jeanne-Louise Calment, who was 122 when she died Aug. 4, 1997, in Arles, France.

___

Associated Press.(AP)

Ciyaaraha Bisha Ramadan ee Magalada Karachi.

Waxa tariiqdu markey aheyd 5-ta bishan Ramadan si rasmi ah uga bilowday magalada karachi ee dalka pakistan ciyaaro lagu mamusaya bisha ramadan, ciyarahaan ayaa waxa soo qaban qabiyey ama soo abaabuley ardeyda

somaliyed ee wax kabarata jamacadaha kala duwan ee magaladan karachi Gar ahaan ardeyda jamacada karachi.

ciyaarahan ayaa waxaa marti galinaya( jamacada karachi),iyadoo Kulamada ey kadhacayan garoonka Weyn ee Jamacada karachi.furitaanka ciyaarahan waxaa kasoo qeyb galay islamarkaana kahadley mas’uliyiin kala duwan oo kakala socday Jamacada, Ururka ardeyda somaliyeed ee magaalada karachi, Gudoomiyaha Qaban qabada Tartankaan iyo Dhamaan Tagerayasha koxaxa kaqeyb galayo Tartankaan.

Waxa Munaasabada furitanka Hadalo koban Kasoo jediyey Gudoomiyaha Qaban qabada ciyaaraha.

Iyo Kuxigeynkiisa, isagoo Oo ku amanay sida ardey somaliyed Isku xilqameyn iyo Dadalka Dheriga ah ee mujiyeen isagoo kubooriyey in dadaal kooda sii laba labaan, waxa usheegey gudomiyaha In arintan ukeeni doonto Sumcad Dherad ah Jaliyada somaliyeed ee magalada karachi iyo Guuud ahaan Dalka pakistan.

Iyadoo la’ogyahay In ardeyda ajaanibta ah ee wax kabarata dalkan pakistan ay ugu badan yihiin Ardeyda somaliyed.

Sidoo kale waxa isna halkaa kahadley Gudoomiyaha ardeyda somaliyed ee magalada karachi

Oo siweyn uga amaney Gudiga so qaban qabiyey Tartankan iyo Koxaha Kaqeyb qadanaya, Iyo Tababa rayaasha Kooxaha.Gudomiyaha ayaa waxaa uu kudheradey ahmiyada ey leedahay ciyaraha ceykan oo kala ah,isago shegey in fa’ido ay uno qondoonto Dhalinta ka qeyb qadanaya tartanka mid jereed iyo mid maskaxba waxa waano iyo dardanba ujeediyey coyartowda iyo macalimiinta wadata intaba isagoo sheegey in ey mujiyaan anshax iyo ciyaar wanaag inta ciyaraha eysocdaan.

Waxa sidoo kale halkaasi goobjoog ka ahaa wariyaal ka socday Wabsite-yada somaliyada siiba kuwa kafalooda arimaha sportiga iyo Qaar kamid ah Wargeysyada kasoo baxa Gudaha magalada karachi,

Markii si aad ah loo fiiriyo Jawiga garoonka ay ciyarahan kasocdaan waxa soo buux dhafiyey dadweyno isugu jira somali iyo pakistani,waloow ay intabadan ey dawadayasha u badan yihiin ardeyda Jamcada karachi, Oo oh goobta uu ka socdo Tartankan xiisaha badan ee lagu mamusayoo bisha barakeysan ee Ramadan.Koxaxa ayaa waxa ay usoo bandhigeyn ciyaaro aad farsamadeydu usareyso iyadoo dawadayaasha aad wajiyadoo kadheehan karto sida ay ugu qanacsanyiin qaabka loo soo agaasimaey iyo waliba farsamada kooxaha.

Tartankaan ayaa waxaa yaala koob aad uqurux badan oo loogu tala galey in lagudoonsiiyo kooxdii Nasiibku usaamaxo in ey kugleysato tartankaan.

Waxa sidoo kale Gudiga qaban qabiyey tartankaan Ugu talagaleyn hadiyado kala duwan oo lagudoon siin doono Ciyartooyda ka qeyb qadanaya Tartankaan.

Shaqsiyaad kaas ayaa waxaa soo xulan doona Gudi loo xilsaray Qiimeyta ciyaartoyda iyo koxaha in ta lagu guda jiro ciyaaraha.

Sida Gudiga Mamulayasha Tartankan uu shegay, Waa Tartan Sporti kii ugu weynaa ee nociisa oo kale ah oo Dhawanahan Lagu qabto Karachi,Iyadoo ay usoo dawasho tagaan Intabadan Jaliyada somalida ee magaladan Karachi,Iyo Jaliyadaha kala duwan ee kunool Magaladan.

Kulamada ciyarahan Ayaa waxaa kaqeyb galayo in kabadan 6-koxood oo kala ah.

1)Koxda Samama Team

2)Halgan Team

3)Real stars

4)Koxda Khaliijka

5)Sudan stars

6)Five stars

Kooxaha ayaa loo lakala qeybiyey laba group ayadoo group kastane ey kujiraan Sadax koxood.

Ciyarahan ayaa waxa ay ku bilowdeyn jawi dagan waxaana kulankii Daah furka ciyarahan isku arkey kooxaha kala ah Halgan iyo Khaliijka, labadan koxood ayaa waxaa ay kujiraan group-ka A.

Kulankan Dhaxmarey labadan koxod ayaa waxaa uu ku bilowday Dardar iyo werer iyo werar cilis waloo ay kooxda KHALIIJKA ay aad ugu gacan sareysay biloowgii ciyaarta inkastoo kooxda khaliijka ay marar badan Kubada agmarsiisey Shabaqa kooxda HALGAN.

Lakin Kooxda HALGAN isma ey dhigin ee waxaa ey mujisay dadaal sidii ay isaga caabin la heyda kooxda kale,Qeybtii hore ee ciyaarta ayaa waxaa lagu kala marey 0-0.

Latashiyo kala duwan oo koox waliba dhinaceyda kaso qadatay maclimin tooda ayaa dibloogu soo noqoday ciyaartii qeybtedii labaad.

Koxda qaliijka ayaa waxey dadaal ugashey tidii ay ciyaarta uga dhigi laheyd 1-0.

Lakin taasi waxaa kadiidey kooxda HALGAN ..dhamaad kii ciyaarta oo daqiiqado un kadhin ayaa waxa usura gashay Kooxda khaliijka in ey shabaqa taabsiyaan gubada iyagoo halkaasi si mucjiso ah uga qadatay 3-dii dhibcood oo loo hardamayey.

QAABKA EY KOOXAHA ISKU ARKEYN

GROUP(A) GROUP(B)

Khaliijka 1-0 Halgan Sudan stars 0-1 samama

Five star 1-1 Khaliijka Real stars 1-2 samama

Halgan 0-2 Five star Sudan stars 0-0 Real stars

Intii ay ciyaarahan socdeyn runtii waxaa la orankaraa in ay ahayen kuwa xiiso badan xanbarsan ,in kastoo kooxaha ay san kala yareysan lakin waxa siweyn Loga daba dhacay qaabka ay kooxda SAMAMA usoo babdhigtay farsamadeyda ciyaaro.

Waxa samafinalka iskugu soo baxay afar koox oo Kala ah.

1)Samama 2)Real stars 3)khaliijka 4)five stars

Afartaan koox ayaa waxaa ay isku arkeyn sidatan:

Samama 0-0 khaliijka waxaa rigoora tirsi kusoo baxey kooxda samama.

Five star 1-0 raeal stars.

Finalkii ayaa kulmay Koxaha kala ah Five Stars Vs Samama

Runtii ciyaartan ayaa waxa ladhihi karaa waa tii ugu adkey ayadoo Koxda Samama oo caan ka ah Magalada Karachi Ay iska caabin iyo ciyaar layaab leh kala kulatay kooxda Five stars oo sidaa loo aqoon Ay lasoo baxday Ciyaar cajiib,Guud ahaan Qeybtii 1-aad ee ciyaarta ayaa waxa lagu kala marey 0-0 waxaa la iskugu soo laabtey qeybtiilabaad sidoo iyadoo kooxwalba ay isku daydey in aay halkasi gool kadhaliso lakin ciyaartii ayaa waxaa ay kuso dhamatay 0-0, waxaana la isla aday dhina Rigoorayaasha nasiib daro waxa 2-1 kuguuleysatay kooxda Five stars halkaasina ku qadatay Koobkii Aadka u quruxda badnaa,

Xiritaantkii Ciyaaraha ayaa waxaa Gudiga ciyaaraha uu ugu hanbalyey Dadaalka kooxda Five stars iyo ciyaar wanaagii aymuujiyeyn intii uu sucday Kulan ciyaareydka ciyaaraha ramadaanka…..

Halkaasi ayaa ayey kusoo gaba gaboobeyn ciyaarahii Bisha ramadan ee magalada karachi…..

Waxaa soo diyariyey:Mohamed Hussein Abdirahman

Pakistan

Karachi

E-mail:qaldaan33@yahoo.in

Japanese scientists develop teddy bear-shaped nurse robot

Named RIBA - short for Robot for Interactive Body Assistance - the android was developed by the government-run Riken research institute and could be deployed in hospitals and retirement homes within three years.

"We have developed RIBA because we want to help caregivers when they are required to transfer patients between hospital beds and wheelchairs," said Dr. Toshiharu Mukai, who heads the research team.

Development took two years and the robot is able to lift a weight of 61 kg on its foam padded arms. Covered in a soft skin designed to protect patients, the robot is also able to recognise faces and voices, as well as responding to up to 30 spoken commands.

The battery-powered robot can operate for up to an hour on a single charge and is more agile and stronger than its predecessor, the Ri-man.

Dr Mukai, who declined to reveal how much had been spent on the research, said he had decided to make RIBA resemble a teddy bear because humanoid versions cause unease in people.

Japan faces a twin crisis of the world's most rapidly ageing population, which is increasing the pressure on the health system, as well as a declining birth rate, meaning that fewer workers.

Anticipating a shortfall in staff within the next two decades, many Japanese firms are carrying out research on electronic employees - which have the added bonus of not requiring a wage and being available 24 hours a day.

Dr Mukai said RIBA will undergoing rigorous testing in hospitals over the next three years and could be available commercially in 2012.

Arranged by Mohamed Hussien

qaldaan33@yahoo.in

You can get Complete information at this wabsite.

www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/.

Dhaqaalaha Africa

Bangiga aduunka ayaa warbixin cusub oo uu soo saaray ku sheegay in wadamo badan oo ka tirsan qaarada Africa uu dhaqaalahooda kobcayo, taasi oo u suurto galinayso qaarada inay cirib tirto saboolnimada.

Warbixintan cusub ayaa sheegeysa in Africa ay diiwaan gelisay kubuc 5.4 boqolkiiba tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, lakiin hadii la barbar dhigo aduunka taasi wali ay aad u hooseyso.

Bangigu waxa uu sheegay in Africa dhaqaale badan uu ka soo galay badeecooyinka ay dhoofiso, gaar ahaan todobada wadan ee shidaalka dhoofiya, kuwaasi oo ay ku nool yihiin rubuc in ka badan guud ahaan dadka qaarada marka la isku geeyo.

Bangigu waxa uu warbixintiisa ku xusay in arrimaha ay ugu wacan yihiin is bedelka iyo horumarka xagga siyaasada dhaqaalaha ay ka sameeyeen qaar ka mid ah wadamada qaarada Africa, kuwaasi oo sicir bararka iyo dhaqaalaha dawladahooda xakameeyay.

Warbixintu waxa ay dhinaca kale ka digtay in horumarka dhaqaalaha Africa uu wali yahay mid jilicsan, taasi oo dhibaato u geysanaysa maal gelinta lagu sameyn lahaa.

Bangigu celcelis ahaan waxa uu sheegay in dhaqaalaha Africa uu hooseeyo 7%, loona baahan yahay in la sii wado barnaamijka la dagaalanka saboolnimada.

By:Mohamed Hussien

qaldaan33@yahoo.in

Gorillas may be a source of AIDS, researchers find

Gorilla looking up in the sky

WASHINGTON (Reuters)

A woman from Cameroon has been found to be infected with an AIDS-like virus that came from gorillas, French researchers reported on Sunday.

The woman, who has no symptoms of HIV infection, is well and was likely infected by another person, not an animal, the researchers said.

Their findings suggest this newly discovered gorilla virus is circulating among people, they reported in the journal Nature Medicine.

"We have identified a new human immunodeficiency virus in a Cameroonian woman. It is closely related to gorilla simian immunodeficiency virus and shows no evidence of recombination with other HIV-1 lineages or with chimpanzee SIV," Jean-Christophe Plantier of the Universite de Rouen in France and colleagues wrote.

The 62-year-old woman was diagnosed in 2004, soon after she moved to Paris from Cameroon. Routine genetic sequencing of the virus showed it looked like no other sample of AIDS virus and it was eventually compared to a gorilla simian immunodeficiency virus, itself only discovered in 2006.

AIDS, which has infected an estimated 33 million people globally and has killed another 25 million, has been traced to chimpanzees. Scientists say it likely jumped to people who hunted and butchered the chimps, which are the closest living genetic relatives of humans.

"Our findings indicate that gorillas, in addition to chimpanzees, are likely sources of HIV-1," Plantier's team wrote.

"The discovery of this novel HIV-1 lineage highlights the continuing need to watch closely for the emergence of new HIV variants, particularly in western central Africa, the origin of all existing HIV-1 groups."

The woman, a widow, herself had no contact with gorillas but said she had several sex partners after her husband died. She remembered having been sick once.

When people become newly infected with HIV, they often have a fever and minor illness at the time but rarely know what it is. They are usually diagnosed later, after the virus has begun damaging the immune system.

There is no cure for HIV but drugs can control it for years.

Khal-khalka dhaqaalaha aduunka iyo saameyntiisa

Hordhac

Dhaqaalaha aduunka ayaa gebi ahaanba hadda ku sugan xaalad aad iyo aad u adag. Hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee aduunka soo foodsaaray waa mid saameyn toos ah ku yeeshay wadamada dunida iyo dadka ku dhaqanba. Dhaqaaleyahanada aduunka intooda badan waxaa ay isku raaceen in khal-khalkan dhaqaale ee aduunka soo foodsaaray uu yahay kii ugu xumaa ee dhaca intii ka dameysey dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Maadaama maanta aduunka oo dhami isku xiran yahay ma jiri doono wadan ka badbaadaya saameynta uu keenayo dhaqaalahaas xumaaday.

Wadamada qaniga ah ee wershedaha leh iyo kuwa saboolka ahba siyaabo kala duwan ayey u dareemi doonaan hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha ee dunidu hadda la ciirsan tahay. Haddaba dhowr qormo oo taxane ah ayaan ku eegi doonaa arimaha keenay dhaqaale xumada iyo sida uu qof ahaan kuu saameyn doono.

Maxaa sababay hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha

Wadanka mareykanka ayaa ah matoorka dhaqaalaha aduunka. Haddii uu matoorkaasi fariisto ama ay cilladi ku timaado ayaa waxaa si toos ah looga dareemayaa aduunka intiisa kale.Mareykanka waxaa ka jira suuq leh qeybo kala duwan oo aad u weyn, haddii ay ahaan lahayd dhinaca suuqyada lacagta,badeecada ama suuqa saamiyadaba. Mareykanka ayaa waxaa uu waxyaalo badan kasoo gataa wadamada dibada ah. Waxyaalaha uu soo iibsado mareykanka ayaa aad uga badan waxyaalaha uu dibada u dhoofiyo. Wadamada ku jira ururka midowga yurub iyo kuwa firfircoon ee qaarada aasiya sida shiinaha oo kale ayaa dhamaan wax u dhoofiya wadanka mareykanka. Lacagta mareykanka ee dollarka oo ah lacagta ganacsiga aduunka ayaa iyana waxaa ay dalkaas ka dhigeysaa mid saameyn weyn ku leh aduunka intiisa kale. Lacago badan oo ka kala yimid aduunka daafihiisa kala duwan ayaa lagu keydsadaa bangiyada wadanka mareykanka. Lacagtaas waxaa keydsada dowlado iyo weliba shakhsiyaad kala duwan. Taasi waxaa ay dhalineysaa in khal-khal kasta oo ku yimaada suuqyada lacagaha iyo bangiyada ee mareykanka ay si toos ah u saameyneyso aduunka intiisa badan. Tusaale ahaan wadanka shiinaha oo loogu yeero “ awooda dhaqaalaha cusub” oo dad badani ay moodayeen in saameyn sidaas ah aaney ku yeelan doonin jahwareerka dhaqaalaha ayaa noqotay mid aan run ahayn. Maxaa yeelay shiinuhu waxaa uu alaabo aad u tira badan u iibgeeyaa wadanka mareykanka taas oo keeneysa in hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee mareykanka si toos ah looga dareemo suuqyada wadanka shiinaha.

Haddaba khal-khalka dhaqaale ee iminka taagani waxaa u ka soo bilaamay wadanka mareykanka, gaar ahaan qaybaha bangiyada sida gaarka ah loo leeyahay.

Dadka mareykanka u dhashay waxaa ay isla xiriiriyaan xornimada qofka iyo lahaanshaha waxyaalaha ay ka mid yihiin guryaha iyo gawaaarida. Qofku waxaa uu aad u dareemaa xornimo iyo kalsooni kolka uu degan yahay guri uu isagu iska leeyahay. Haddaba sanadihii lasoo dhaafay waxaa ay dadka mareykanka ahi iibsadeen guryo aad iyo aad u tira badan. Guryahaas waxaa lagu iibsaday deyn xagga bangiga ka timid. Dadka guryaha deynsadey ayaa qaarkood waxaa ay ahaayeen kuwo dhaqaalahoodu uu iska xumaa. Dadkaas qaarkood ma aaney haysan wax raasumaal ah oo loo baxsado haddii dhaqaaluhu xumaado. Bagiyadii waxaa ka baxay lacag aad iyo aad u badan oo badankood la geliyey guryo.

Arrintaasi waxaa ay keentay jahwareer ku yimid habasami u socodkii lacaga yaala bangiyada. Waxaa ay taasi keentay hoos u dhac ku yimid qiimihii guryaha deynta lagu qaatay. Waxaa lacagta bangiyada ka baxday iyana lug ku leh lacag aad u tira badan oo ay mushahar iyo abaal marin u qaateen madaxda bangiyada. Waxaa kaloo arinta baasiin kusii shubay hoos u dhac dhaqaale ee guud oo aduunka oo dhan soo foodsaaray. Lacagahaan bangiga ka maqan waxaa markoodii hore lahaa dad ama bangiyada kale ee dowlada, kuwaas oo iyana doonaayaa in lacagtooda la siiyo. Bangiyada sida gaarka ah loo leeyahay ee ay mushkilada dhaqaaluhu ka bilaamay waxaa ay goàansadeen in ay gebi ahaanba joojiyaan lacagihii ay dadka deymin jireen. Bangiyadaas oo ka cabsi qaba in waxa yar ee lacagta ah ee ay hayaan la waayo. Cabsida bangiyada soo wajahday iyo joojinta dhaq-dhaqaaqa lacagaha ayaa waxaa ay xanibaad ku noqotay habsami u socodkii howlaha dhaqaalaha wadanka mareykanka iyo weliba aduunka intiisa kale. Si dhaqaalaha loo badbaadiyo, lacaguhuna ay ugu socdaan sidii loogu talo galay ayaa waxaa ay dowlada mareykanku dooneysaa in lacag badan ku maalgeliso bangiyada kacay si aan bangiyadaa irdaha loogu laabin. Joojinta ay bangiyadu joojiyeen bixinta iyo daynta lacagaha ayaa waxaa ay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay suuqyada kala duwan ee mareykanka.

Tusaale ahaan shirkadihii ma sameyn karaan maalgelin maadaama aaney heleynin meel ay lacag ka deynsadaan. Waxaa kaloo wel wel weyn soo foodsaaray dad weynaha mareykanka oo aad uga caga jiidaaya iney bangiyada lacag dhigtaan iyagoo ka cabsi qabo iney lacagtooda waayaan. Arinkaas cakiran ee dhaqaalaha ayaa waxaa ay saameyn ku yeelatay, shaqooyinkii, maalgelintii, ganacsiga, caafimaadka , siyaasada iyo dhamaan qaybaha kala duwan ee nolosha.

La soco, faahfaahinta saameyntaas hoos u dhaca dhaqaaluhu ku yeelan karto wadamo badan oo soomaaliya ka mid tahay. Ha moogaan qaybta labaad ee qormadan.

Mahadsanidin

By:Mohamed Hussein

Email:qaldaan33@yahoo.in

Taariikhda magaalada Baardheere.

Horudhac

Taariikhdu waa tusmada noolasha. Cilmiga lagu garto ummadihii hore waxa ay ahaayeen iyo waxa ay soo qabteen. Waxaa noo soo gudbiyey halgan dheerna u soo galey dad qoraayaal ah oo kala soo kulmey dhibaatooyin badan. Taariikhdu waxay na bartaa waxyaabihii soo dhacay sida horumarka, dagaallada, ilbaxnimada, akhlaaqda, caadooyinka iyo sababaha ummadaha ay hormaraan amaba waxa dib-u-dhaca u keena. Taariikhdu waxay kaloo na bartaa culimmada waaweyn ee ku xeeldheeraadey diinta iyo culuunta kala duwan sida adabka, siyaasadda, fanka iyo heerarkii kala duwanaa ee ay soo mareen deegaannada bulsha walba.

Soomaaliya waxay nasiibdarro ka mid noqotey waddamadii la gummeystey laga bilaabo bilowgii qarnigii 19aad ilaa bartimihii qarnigii 20aad ee tagey. Waxaa taariikhda ku cad in taariikhda Miilaadiyada 1890 ilaa 1960 ay waddamo badan oo Afrikaan ah ay gumeysi gacantii ku jireen. Gumeysiga imanshihiisa ka hor waxaa Soomaaliya meelo badan oo ka mid ah ka jirey nidaamyo iyo is-maamul ay dadka Soomaaliyeed sameysteen raallina ka ahaayeen, deris-wanaagna uu ka dhexeeyay beelaha wada dega goob walba oo uu is-maamul ka jirey. Badiyaa Soomaalida oo dhaqan miyi u badnaa, waa hab nololeedka uu caalamka intiisa badan uu ku sugnaa, waxaa ka jirey hab kala dambeyn iyo is-ciseyn oo garta guud iyo xeerarka kala dejiya shakhsiyaadka iyo deegaannada waxaa goyn jirey gun ama guurti ay beesha go'aankeeda ku kalsooneyd.

Geyiga Soomaaliyeed koonfur ilaa waqooyi waxaa ka jirey garyaqaanno iyo qareenno doodda ku soo af jara geed hoostiis. Nidaamkii gumeysiga markii uu soo gaarey dalka Soomaaliya wuxuu ugu horeyn burburiyey nidaamyadaas jirey. Wuxuu qasey miisaankii iyo deganaashihiisii isagoo adeegsanaya fekredda ah: "qeybi oo xukun." Wixuu gumeystuhu, magac ahaan Talyaani iyo Ingiriis si aad isugu deyey in uu tirtiro raad taariikheedka dalka somaliya uu lahaa iyo in uu baabi'yo isla markaana duugo meelaha magaca iyo sharafta leh ee dalka iyo dadka Soomaaliya.

Waxaa ayaandarro noqotey iyana in aqoonyahanka Soomaaliyeed qaarkii waqtiyadii xigey lagu barbaariyey falsafaddaas, taas oo keentey daneyn la'aan taariikhda Soomaaliyeed waqtigii gumeysiga iyo maamulladii ka dambeeyey. Waxay hal-ku-dheg ka dhigteen wixii uu gumeysiga ka qorey Soomaaliya. Dalka Soomaaliya wuxuu leeyahay taariikh dhaxalgal ah, halgamayaal fara badan oo dunida caan ku ah isla markaana u soo hurey naf, maskax iyo maal. Kuwaas oo ka qeyb qaatey dhisidda iyo horumarinta dalka iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed. Waxaa loo baahanyahay taariikhdaasna na bareysa garashada noloshii hore ee dalka iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed in la darso kitaabtana lagu qoro ardeydana ay doortaan iney qoraalkooda qalin jebin baaris ku saameeyaan mowduucaas.

Noolasha qofka waa mid aad u gaaban marka loo fiiriyo taxanaha noolasha aadamiga ay soo martey sida bilowga miro aruursigii, ugaarsatadii, dhulgoosigii iyo degaanka beeraleyda iyo warshadeyntii si loo gaaro horumar iyo barwaaqo loona allifo aalado cusub oo nolosha saacida.

Taariikhda magaalada Baardheere waa qeyb muhim ah ee taariikhda aan soo xusney ee Soomaaliya. Taariikhahaas waaweyn haddii la ururin lahaa si qoraal taxane ah, waxay aad wax uga tari lahayd kordhinta garaadka ummmadda.

Qormadan oo ku saabsan taariikhda Baardheere, beled iyo jameeco ahaanba, waxaan ka arkeynna in ay lehayd xukuumad iyo nidaam suurtaggeliyey in horumar la gaaro muddo dheer ka hor inta uusan imaan gumeysiga dhulkeenna. Taas oo iyana na tuseysa in ummadda Soomaaliyeed ay lahayd nidaam is-maamul oo xor ah oo ay dadka ka qeybqaataan. Magaalada Baardheere waxay ka mid tahay degmooyinka ugu faca weyn ee ka sameysmey gudaha dhulka Soomaaliya, isla markaana lahaa maamul xor ah oo iyada u gooni ah. Waxay ka tirsaneyd gobolkii loo yaqiiney Jubbada sare [ Alta Jubba] intii ay jireen maamulkii gumeysiga iyo dawladdii rayidka ee ka dambeysey.

Waxay ka mid noqotey gobolkii jubada dhexe muddo gaaban, markii xukuumadii militeriga abuurtey gobolo hor leh. Ka dib gobolka Gedo oo isbixin waayey dhaqaale ahaan ayaa lagu kabey. Halkaas ayeyna ka tirsanayd ilaa maamulki militeriga ka burburey.

Magaalada Baardhere waxay ka mid tahay magaalooyinkii Somaliya ugu horreeyey, uguna faca weyn oo laga aasaasey meel ka fog xeebta koonfureed ee dalka Somaliya. Waxay u jirta xeebta Barawe qiyaas dhan 250 km. Juqraafi ahaan Bardhere waxay ku taala inta u dhexeysa 2-3° woqooyi dhulbaraha (lool=latitude) iyo 42-43° (Dhigaha=longtitude). Cimiladeeda waa mid aad u kulul, taas oo u sahlineysa in saanadka oo idil beeraha laga faaideysankaro marka la istimaalayo waraabka beeraha.

Nasiib darro biyaha oo dhulka ka hooseeya awgeed waxaa adag soo saarka biyaha waraabka beeraha marka aan la isticmalynin matoorka biyaha. Bardhere waxay aad ugu hormarsantahay tacabka beeraha noocyadiisa kala duwan. Beeraha roobka oo laga soo saaro dalagyada intooda badan waa lafdhabarka dhaqaalaha. Waxay si gaar ah ugu caanbaxdey sannadihii dambe basasha iyo tubaakada oo loo iibgeyo gudaha iyo dibedda Somaliya.

Magaalada aasaaskeed wuxuu ahaa baar weyn oo ku yaaley masjidka weyn. Magaca Baardhere wuxuu ka soo jeedaa laba erey oo kala ah baar iyo dheer. Baar waa geed inta badan ka baxa webiyada hareerahooda (magaca laatiinka waa Hyphaene). Baar wuxuu leeyahay manaafacaad badan. Wuxuu dhalaa miro loo yaqaano "khoono". Khoonada waxay ka koobantahay laf hoose, duf dhexe iyo xuub kore. Marka ay cayriinka tahay waa cagaar, marka ay bislaatana waxay leedahay midab dhiiga.

Khoonada xuubkeeda kore iyo dufka dhexe waa la cunnaa. Waxay leedahay dhadhamo kala duwan sida macaan, qaraar, dhadhanlaaw waxayna ku xirantahay nooca geedka iyo inta geedka webiga u jiro. Lafta hoose (sedka) ku jira waxaa loogu xardhaa xoolaha. Geedka baarka wuxuu bixiyaa laamo iyo caleemo. Dhammaana waxaa lagu dhistaa guryaha. Caleenta dusha ayaa laga saara, xajmigana waxaa laga dhigtaa tiir. Tiirarka baarka oo dhowr ah ayaa inta la isku xiro loo isticmaali jirey in lagaga gudbo webiga laguna rarto alaabta sida doonta, gaar ahaan dhismaha guryahay, waxaana loo yaqaaney Sablo.

Bilowgii lixdanaadkii waxaa fidey ku xadgudub iyo isticmaal xumo. Geedka baarka xajmigiisa iyo laamihiisa marka la xoqo waxaa ka soo baxa dheecaan u eg midabka caanaha oo dhadhankooda macyahay marka ay cusubyihiin. Caanaha baarka waxaa loo yaqaana shalabow, waxayna socodsiiyaan sida la sheego caloosha haddii la cabo marka ay macyihiin. Marka caanahaas meel la dhigo in muddo ah dhadhankooda wuu isbedela, waana lagu sakhraama sida khamrada oo kale.

Ujeedada loo aasaasey magaalada Baardhere waxay ahayd in ay noqoto gole diinta islaamka looga dhaqmo isla markaasna dadka loogu yeero lku dhaqanka iyo fidinta islaamka. Magaalada waxaa la aasaasey laba qarni ka badan muddo laga joogo. Taariikhdu waxay ahayd 1761 sannadka miilaadiyada. Diinta islaamka mar hore ayey soo gaartey Somaliya, gaar ahaan xeebaha dalka laakiin xoog saameyn ah ma lahayn oo waxaa ka xoog badnaa dhaqannadii diinlaawaha ka harey. Waxaa jirey dhaqamo fusuq ah. Wadaado badan ayaa isku howliyey, dadaalna u galey in ay wax ka beddelaan. Qaarkood ayaa xitaa la qaadey durbaanka si ay u soo jiidtaan.

Waxaase iyana jirey wadaado iyana ku tashadey in ay ka fogaadaan oo isaga haajiraan mar haddii ay wax ka qabanwaayeen. Arrintan waxay rasmi ahaan ugu qornayd oo laga akhriyey kitaab uu qorey Sheikh Cabdiyow “Khitamma bil khayr“, waxaa qoraalkiisa ka mid ahaa “mar haddii aadan fusuq wax ka qaban karin, Illah wuxuu ku amraya in aad isaga haajirtid“. Arrintaas waxay qabsatey culimo badan oo ka guurey xeebaha, gaarsiiyey diinta islaamka gudaha dalka Somaliya. Culimadaas waxaa ka mid ahaa:

1. Sh. Ibrahim Hassan Yabarow -7 days-1190H (1776)

2. Sheikh Ali Dhurre -30 yrs-1220H 1805

3. Sheikh Abukar Adam Dhurre -24 yrs-1244H (1825)4. Sheikh Abdulrahman Abayl -7 yrs-1251H

The Jameca of Bardere was burned down in 1831 due to war with Geledi sultanate.

It was suspended for 20 years and was restablished in 11851 -20 yrs-1271H (1855)

5. Sheikh Mohamed Adam Kerow -24 yrs-1295H (1878)

6. Sheikh A/rahman Moh´d Adan -2 yrs -1297H (1880)

7. Sheikh Abdiyow Osmanow -25 yrs-1322H (1904)

8. Sheikh Ibrahim Mohamed Adan -4 yrs-1326H (1908)

9. Sheikh Ali Moallin Muddey -33 yrs-1359H (1940)

10. Sheikh Axmed Sh Maxamed -30 yrs-1379H (195)

11. Hagi A/ziz Sh. Ali Moallin -8 yrs-1387H (1987)

12. Sheikh Mursal Malin Aliyow-25 yrs-1412H (1992)

Hogaamiyihii Jameecada sheekh Mursal waxaa la diley 17kii December 1992 abaaraha 21:20SN waqgiga Bariga Africa. Waxaa diley maleeshiyo maalmo ka hore inta aysan imaan ciidamadii U.N.

Dadka waxay in badan ku eedeeyaan Jameecada dib u socodnimo, jaahilnimo xaga diinta iyagoo hadana in badan xubnaha Jameecada ay diin u nasab sheegtaan. Waxaa intaas dheer in ay goobaha ganacsiga si khaldan deeq u waydiistaan noloshoodana ku soo koobeen dhaqaale raadis aan hunguri iyo hoy dhaafsiisney.

Xubnaha Jameecada badankii waxay ka yimaadaan miyiga nawaaxiga degmada Baardheere iyo dhulka jiinka ee beeraleyda.

13. Sheikh Hirow Moallin Ahmed - ayaa hogaanka Jameecada haya ilaa 1992 - waqti xaadirkant.

Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism.

Somalia's adherence to socialism became official on the first anniversary of the military coup when Siad Barre proclaimed that Somalia was a socialist state, despite the fact that the country had no history of class conflict in the Marxist sense. For purposes of Marxist analysis, therefore, tribalism was equated with class in a society struggling to liberate itself from distinctions imposed by lineage group affiliation. At the time, Siad Barre explained that the official ideology consisted of three elements: his own conception of community development based on the principle of self-reliance, a form of socialism based on Marxist principles, and Islam. These were subsumed under "scientific socialism," although such a definition was at variance with the Soviet and Chinese models to which reference was frequently made.

The theoretical underpinning of the state ideology combined aspects of the Quran with the influences of Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Mussolini, but Siad Barre was pragmatic in its application. "Socialism is not a religion," he explained; "It is a political principle" to organize government and manage production. Somalia's alignment with communist states, coupled with its proclaimed adherence to scientific socialism, led to frequent accusations that the country had become a Soviet satellite. For all the rhetoric extolling scientific socialism, however, genuine Marxist sympathies were not deep-rooted in Somalia. But the ideology was acknowledged--partly in view of the country's economic and military dependence on the Soviet Union--as the most convenient peg on which to hang a revolution introduced through a military coup that had supplanted a Western-oriented parliamentary democracy.

More important than Marxist ideology to the popular acceptance of the revolutionary regime in the early 1970s were the personal power of Siad Barre and the image he projected. Styled the "Victorious Leader" (Guulwaadde), Siad Barre fostered the growth of a personality cult. Portraits of him in the company of Marx and Lenin festooned the streets on public occasions. The epigrams, exhortations, and advice of the paternalistic leader who had synthesized Marx with Islam and had found a uniquely Somali path to socialist revolution were widely distributed in Siad Barre's little blue-and-white book. Despite the revolutionary regime's intention to stamp out the clan politics, the government was commonly referred to by the code name MOD. This acronym stood for Mareehaan (Siad Barre's clan), Ogaden (the clan of Siad Barre's mother), and Dulbahante (the clan of Siad Barre son-in-law Colonel Ahmad Sulaymaan Abdullah, who headed the NSS). These were the three clans whose members formed the government's inner circle. In 1975, for example, ten of the twenty members of the SRC were from the Daarood clan-family, of which these three clans were a part; the Digil and Rahanwayn, the sedentary interriverine clan-families, were totally unrepresented.

Arranged By Mohamed Hussien

For More Information:

www.Countrystudies.us

Warbixin ku saabsan xaalada waxbarasho Dugsiga Buurdhubo Primary School oo dhowaan dhismo Cusub iyo Qalabeynba lagu sameeyey.

Degmada Buurdhuubo oo ka mid ah degmooyinka Gobolkaa Gedo oo ahayd meelaha ugu daran ee Gobolka xaga waxbarashada ka liitay ayaa haatan waxay degmadu u muuqanaysaa mid ka soo reynayso xaaladahii hore, kaddib markii mudo iminka laga joogo labo bilood uu u hawlgalay dhismaha Iskuulka iyo qalabka waxbarasha Urur Samafal Wadani ah oo lagu magacaabo Gedo Education And Development Organization (G.E.D.O) oo uu fadhigiisu yahay dalka dibadiisa.

Dhismaha Iskuulkan oo markii hore ahaa dersooyin aan wax roob ah celinaynin oo aan u ekayn goob wax lagu baran karo ayada oo kuraasta lagu fadhiisto iyo miisaska oo ahaa 15 xabo aanay u habeysneyn kuwa wax lagu baran karo. Ardeyda waxay kuraas ahaan ugu fadhiisan jireen dhagxaan, Biibab iyo dhulka ayaa haatan waxaa loo dhamaystitry dhismo ka kooban ilaa 3 qol iyo kuraas iyo Miisas ku filan 3 Qol.

Maamulaha Iskuulka Buurdhuubo Primary School.Cabdi Xaaji Maxamed ayaa ku amaanay Ururka Gedo Education And Development Organization (G.E.D.O) talaabooyinka wanaagsan oo ay u qaadeen xaga waxbarashada Buurdhuubo, taasi oo uu sheegay in ay tahay mid aan marnaba la ilaawi karin iyo dadkii ay gacanta kaga heleen taabegilinta dhismaha Dugsigan iyo Qalabeyntiisa.

Maamulaha ayaa sheegay in Dugsiga la aas'aasey sanadkii1993-diii, ardeyduna waxay ku kala jiraan fasalada 1-aad ilaa 8-aad, tirada guud ee sanad dugsiyeedkani fadhida dugsiga ayuu sheegay inay gaarayaan 298 arday oo isugu jira 153 gabdhood iyo 145 wiilal, isagoo intaasina ku darey in weli is qorista ardeyduna ay socoto.

Dugsigu ma lahan ayuu yiri hadda Musqulo, maadama ardeydu ay badan tahay. Waxaa sidoo kale ka maqan Iskuulka Gidaar wareeg ah iyo Xafiiskii Maamuulka iyo macalimiintu ay shaqadu ku wadi lahayeen, sidaas darted ayaan mar kale waxaan ku celinayaa ayuu yiri maamulahu codsi ku aadan in waxii la awoodo arimahaasi wax nalooga qabto, maadama hadda ay hirgashey howshii ugu muhiimsaneyd.

Hoos ka eeg masawirada Ardayda, Gudoomiyaha Iskuulka, maamulaha iyo kan Ardaydaba:-

Guddoomiyaha Iskuulka Buurdhuubo Primary School
(Mrs. Kaaho Isaaq Faarax)

Maamulaha Iskuulka Burdhubo Primary School
( Mr. Cabdi xaaji Maxamed)

Masawirka hoose - waa Bare Guure Kadaan oo oo sharxaya Alfaabeetka Ingiriiska
(English Alphabets)

Masawirka hoose - waa lixda macalin iyo maamulaha Iskuulka Burdhubo Primary School oo wada taagan

Muuuqaalka guud ee Iskuulka Burdhubo Primary School, kan ardayda, kan qolalka iyo kan fasalada ay wax ku bartaan waa kuwaan hoose:-

Waxaa Warbixintan soo diyariyey:

Nuradiin Sheeq Axmed

Gobalka Gedo

Burdhuubo.

Nuradiin22@yahoo.com

WHAT IS GOOD GOVERNANCE?

As We All aware of the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly basing their aid and loans on the condition that reforms that ensure "good governance" are undertaken.

This article tries to explain, as simply as possible, what "governance" and "good governance" means.

GOVERNANCE

The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.

Since governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the decisions made and the formal and informal structures that have been set in place to arrive at and implement the decision.

Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government that is under discussion. In rural areas, for example, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions political parties, the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much more complex. Figure 1 provides the interconnections between actors involved in urban governance. At the national level, in addition to the above actors, media, lobbyists, international donors, multi-national corporations, etc. may play a role in decision-making or in influencing the decision-making process.

All actors other than government and the military are grouped together as part of the "civil society." In some countries in addition to the civil society, organized crime syndicates also influence decision-making, particularly in urban areas and at the national level.

Similarly formal government structures are one means by which decisions are arrived at and implemented. At the national level, informal decision-making structures, such as "kitchen cabinets" or informal advisors may exist. In urban areas, organized crime syndicates such as the "land Mafia" may influence decision-making. In some rural areas locally powerful families may make or influence decision-making. Such, informal decision-making is often the result of corrupt practices or leads to corrupt practices.

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Figure 1: Urban actors

GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.

Figure 2: Characteristics of good governance

Participation

Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.

Rule of law

Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

Transparency

Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media.

Responsiveness

Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

Consensus oriented

There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.

Equity and inclusiveness

A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being.

Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Accountability

Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.

By:Mohamed Hussein Abdirahman

Qaldaan33@yahoo.in

Pakistan

Karachi

University of karachi.

Tell:+923233376558